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Many of SF's most Lone Ranger. In , producer George W. Trendle and writer Fran Striker had the Lone Ranger ride out of the west Repeating most options with a different argument will either have no further effect, or override prior occurrences those further to the left on the command line of that option. Options which may be meaningfully specified more than once are noted in the descriptions below. Non-option arguments are objects files which are to be linked together. They may follow, precede, or be mixed in with command-line options, except that an object file argument may not be placed between an option and its argument.

If the linker can not recognize the format of an object file, it will assume that it is a linker script. This feature permits the linker to link against a file which appears to be an object or an archive, but actually merely defines some symbol values, or uses INPUT or GROUP to load other objects.

See section Command Language. For options whose names are a single letter, option arguments must either follow the option letter without intervening whitespace, or be given as separate arguments immediately following the option that requires them. Arguments to multiple-letter options must either be separated from the option name by an equals sign, or be given as separate arguments immediately following the option that requires them.

Unique abbreviations of the names of multiple-letter options are accepted. If GNUTARGET is set to default then BFD attempts to discover the input format by examining binary input files; this method often succeeds, but there are potential ambiguities, since there is no method of ensuring that the magic number used to specify object-file formats is unique.

However, the configuration procedure for BFD on each system places the conventional format for that system first in the search-list, so ambiguities are resolved in favor of convention. The emulation can affect various aspects of linker behaviour, particularly the default linker script. The command language provides explicit control over the link process, allowing complete specification of the mapping between the linker's input files and its output. An implicit linker script should only be used when you want to augment, rather than replace, the default linker script; typically an implicit linker script would consist only of INPUT or GROUP commands.

If the linker opens a file which it cannot recognize as a supported object or archive format, nor as a linker script, it reports an error. The ld command language is a collection of statements; some are simple keywords setting a particular option, some are used to select and group input files or name output files; and two statement types have a fundamental and pervasive impact on the linking process.

No other command is required in all cases. This command is optional; if you don't use a MEMORY command, ld assumes sufficient memory is available in a contiguous block for all output. See section Memory Layout. As in C, comments are syntactically equivalent to whitespace. Many useful commands involve arithmetic expressions. The syntax for expressions in the command language is identical to that of C expressions, with the following features: All expressions evaluated as integers and are of "long" or "unsigned long" type.

All constants are integers. All of the C arithmetic operators are provided. You may reference, define, and create global variables.

You may call special purpose built-in functions. For example, the following all refer to the same quantity:. Unless quoted, symbol names start with a letter, underscore, or point and may include any letters, underscores, digits, points, and hyphens. Unquoted symbol names must not conflict with any keywords. Since the. Assigning a value to the. This may be used to create holes in the output section. The location counter may never be moved backwards.

Then file2 appears, also with a byte gap following before file3 is loaded. The linker uses "lazy evaluation" for expressions; it only calculates an expression when absolutely necessary. The linker needs the value of the start address, and the lengths of memory regions, in order to do any linking at all; these values are computed as soon as possible when the linker reads in the command file. However, other values such as symbol values are not known or needed until after storage allocation.

Such values are evaluated later, when other information such as the sizes of output sections is available for use in the symbol assignment expression. You may create global symbols, and assign values addresses to global symbols, using any of the C assignment operators:.

Two things distinguish assignment from other operators in ld expressions. You must place a trailing semicolon " ; " at the end of an assignment statement. The first two cases are equivalent in effect--both define a symbol with an absolute address. The last case defines a symbol whose address is relative to a particular section see section Specifying Output Sections.

When a linker expression is evaluated and assigned to a variable, it is given either an absolute or a relocatable type.

An absolute expression type is one in which the symbol contains the value that it will have in the output file; a relocatable expression type is one in which the value is expressed as a fixed offset from the base of a section.

The type of the expression is controlled by its position in the script file. A symbol assigned within a section definition is created relative to the base of the section; a symbol assigned in any other place is created as an absolute symbol. Since a symbol created within a section definition is relative to the base of the section, it will remain relocatable if relocatable output is requested.

For example, to create an absolute symbol whose address is the last byte of an output section named. For instance, the sizes of sections cannot be known until after allocation, so assignments dependent upon these are not performed until after allocation.

If the result of an expression is required, but the value is not available, then an error results. In some cases, it is desirable for a linker script to define a symbol only if it is referenced, and only if it is not defined by any object included in the link. The command language includes a number of built-in functions for use in link script expressions.

Primarily useful to assign an absolute value to a symbol within a section definition, where symbol values are normally section-relative. ADDR section Return the absolute address of the named section. Your script must previously have defined the location of that section. This is equivalent to.

As an example, to align the output. The second use simply defines the value of a variable. You can use this function to provide default values for symbols. For example, the following command-file fragment shows how to set a global symbol begin to the first location in the. You can use this number as the start address of the first section, if you choose, to facilitate paging.

MAX exp1 , exp2 Returns the maximum of exp1 and exp2. MIN exp1 , exp2 Returns the minimum of exp1 and exp2. Semicolons Semicolons " ; " are required in the following places. In all other places they can appear for aesthetic reasons but are otherwise ignored.

The linker's default configuration permits allocation of all available memory. By using it carefully, you can describe which memory regions may be used by the linker, and which memory regions it must avoid. The linker does not shuffle sections to fit into the available regions, but does move the requested sections into the correct regions and issue errors when the regions become too full.

A command file may contain at most one use of the MEMORY command; however, you can define as many blocks of memory within it as you wish. Any symbol name may be used. The region names are stored in a separate name space, and will not conflict with symbols, file names or section names. Use distinct names to specify multiple regions. If you omit the attribute list, you may omit the parentheses around it as well. It is an expression that must evaluate to a constant before memory allocation is performed.

For example, to specify that memory has two regions available for allocation--one starting at 0 for kilobytes, and the other starting at 0x for four megabytes. The rom memory region will get all sections without an explicit memory register that are either read-only or contain code, while the ram memory region will get the sections.

If the combined output sections directed to a region are too big for the region, the linker will issue an error message. The SECTIONS command controls exactly where input sections are placed into output sections, their order in the output file, and to which output sections they are allocated. They are permitted here as well for your convenience in reading the script, so that symbols and the entry point can be defined at meaningful points in your output-file layout. If you do not use a SECTIONS command, the linker places each input section into an identically named output section in the order that the sections are first encountered in the input files.

If all input sections are present in the first file, for example, the order of sections in the output file will match the order in the first input file. The most frequently used statement in the SECTIONS command is the section definition , which specifies the properties of an output section: its location, alignment, contents, fill pattern, and target memory region.

The whitespace around secname is required, so that the section name is unambiguous. The other whitespace shown is optional. In formats which only support a limited number of sections, such as a. If the output format supports any number of sections, but with numbers and not names as is the case for Oasys , the name should be supplied as a quoted numeric string.